Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Potential and Illustrative Core Indicators:

Indicator 102: Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries (MDG Indicator)

Rationale and definition: This MDG indicator tracks efforts made by developed countries to reduce or remove tariffs (customs duties that are financial barriers to imports) in three sectors that are particularly important for developing countries and LDCs. Removing developed country tariffs, particularly in these sectors which account for a large portion of developing country exports, could help significantly increase economic growth in developing countries.196

Disaggregation: By sector and product categories.

Comments and limitations: This indicator does not capture non-tariff barriers to trade, such as technical standards or sanitary regulations.

Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined.

Potential lead agency or agencies: UNCTAD, WTO

Indicator 103: Annual report by Bank for International Settlements (BIS), International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and World Trade Organization (WTO) [other organizations to be added] on the relationship between international rules and the SDGs

Rationale and definition: This indicator will track whether key international institutions deliver an official annual report assessing whether international rules are consistent with achieving the SDG. The reports should also outline options for improvement to make the rules consistent with achieving the goals.

Institutions and reports covered by this indicator include:

• BIS: Report on international financial regulatory standards (i.e. Basel III and successors)

• IASB: Report on international accounting standards.

• IFRS: Report on international financial reporting standards

• IMF: Report on the international financial system.

• WIPO: Report on the international intellectual property regime.

• WTO: Report on the international trade system. Other organizations can be added to this indicator. Disaggregation: Reporting would be done by institution. Comments and limitations: To be reviewed once the indicator has been constructed. Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined. Potential lead agency or agencies: WTO, IMF, WIPO. 196 See International Trade Center, UN Conference On Trade And Development, and WTO webpage on Market Access Indicators: http://www.mdg-trade.org/ Revised working draft (July 25, 2014)

104 Indicator 104: Official development assistance (ODA) and net private grants as percent of high-income country's GNI

Rationale and definition: This indicator measures official development assistance (ODA) plus net private grants as a share of high-income countries’ GNI. The OECD Development Assistance Committee defines both variables.197 The target value for ODA is the international commitment of 0.7% of GNI. Disaggregation: By destination, sector, and other dimensions reported under the DAC databases. Comments and limitations: The OECD-DAC is currently revising and improving indicators on ODA in order to, among others, better reflect provider effort for development, account for recipients’ resource receipts, and address some of the weaknesses of current ODA measures. The new measures could also potentially allow for more comprehensive monitoring of external development for global objectives or public goods.198 Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: A Potential lead agency or agencies: Data for this indicator can be tracked by the OECD for all OECD countries and affiliated countries that submit data to the OECD (e.g. Saudi-Arabia). The IMF can provide data for other high-income countries.

Indicator 105: Domestic revenues allocated to sustainable development as percent of GNI Rationale and definition: This indicator tracks government resource mobilization for sustainable development as a share of GNI. The data can be collected on an internationally comparable basis by the IMF, which should define the government spending categories that support sustainable development (e.g. most military expenditure and some subsidies should be excluded). Once the relevant government spending categories have been defined, the indicator can be compiled for all countries. In general, the richer a country, the higher government spending can be as a share of GNI. It seems reasonable that countries should aim to mobilize at least 15-20% of GNI as government spending. Disaggregation: By sector.

Comments and limitations: To be reviewed. Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined. Potential lead agency or agencies: IMF.

Indicator 106: Private net flows for sustainable development at market rates as share of high-income country GNI

Rationale and definition: International private finance is critical for financing sustainable development. In particular private finance can fund private sector development (including agriculture) and infrastructure. The proposed indicator will track international private flows at market rates using the OECD DAC definition, which includes: direct investment, international bank lending (maturity > one year), bond lending (maturity > 1 year), and other flows (mainly reported holdings of equities issued by firms in aid recipient countries).199 197 OECD, (2013), Development Cooperation Report 2013: Ending Poverty, Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 198 More information on the OECD’s work on External Financing for Development is available here: http://www.oecd.org/dac/Financing-Development.htm 199 Ibid.

Revised working draft (July 25, 2014) 105 Disaggregation: By destination, type of private flows. Comments and limitations: To be reviewed. Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined. Potential lead agency or agencies: This indicator can be reported for all high-income as well as middleincome countries. Data for this indicator can be collected by the OECD DAC and other agencies (to be determined).

Indicator 107: Percent of official development assistance (ODA), net private grants, and official climate finance channeled through priority pooled multilateral financing mechanisms

Rationale and definition: This indicator tracks the share of aid and official climate finance that passes through the following multilateral pooling mechanisms: the Global Alliance for Vaccine Initiative (GAVI), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria (GFATM), the Green Climate Fund, the International Development Association (IDA), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), UNFPA, UNICEF, [others mechanisms to be added, e.g. for education, agriculture, technology transfer]. These pooled disbursement mechanisms offer lower transaction costs for recipients and donors. They can also ensure greater scalability of aid flows. The indicator will be tracked for each highincome country.

Disaggregation: By multilateral mechanism.

Comments and limitations: The OECD-DAC is currently revising and improving indicators on ODA, which can help improve this measure.

Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined.

Potential lead agency or agencies: Data will be collected mostly by the OECD-DAC, the World Bank, and if necessary by the pooled multilateral financing mechanisms.

Indicator 108: [Indicator on investments in data and monitoring] — to be developed

Rationale and definition: To become an effective management tool and report card, the SDGs need to be underpinned by quality data that is reported annually. This will require significant investments to improve existing measurement instruments (for example to speed up reporting and enhance disaggregation), create new instruments, and build the capacity of NSOs, especially in LDCs, and international statistical agencies. An indicator on investments in data and monitoring could track direct investments in these types of programs, or measure investments as a share of ODA or GNI. Disaggregation: To be determined. Comments and limitations: To be determined. Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined. Potential lead agency or agencies: UNSD, PARIS21 (OECD), World Bank

Indicator 109: Evaluative Wellbeing and Positive Mood Affect

Rationale and definition: Measures of evaluative wellbeing capture a reflective assessment of an individual’s overall satisfaction with life. One of the most widely used measures of evaluative wellbeing is the Cantril

Self-Anchoring Striving Scale, which is included in Gallup's World Poll of more than 150 countries,

Revised working draft (July 25, 2014) 106 representing more than 98% of the world's population. It asks respondents to imagine a ladder with steps numbered 0 (bottom) to 10 (top), with 10 representing the best possible life for you and 0 the worst. Respondents then respond with which step they feel they are currently on, and where they will be in 5 years.200

The Cantril Scale measures how individuals evaluate their own lives, and is complemented by the positive affect measure “Positive Mood”, which measures the ups and downs of daily emotions. Positive affect specifically measures a range of recent positive emotions. Although short-term emotional reports carry much less information about life circumstances than do life evaluations, they are very useful at revealing the nature and possible causes of changes in moods on an hour-by-hour or day-by-day basis.201 Disaggregation: By sex and age.

Comments and limitations: To be reviewed. Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined. Potential lead agency or agencies: In cooperation with polling organizations, such as Gallup International, the SDSN or the OECD could report the subjective wellbeing data.

Additional indicators that countries may consider:

• [Total Official Support for Development]- Indicator to be developed. This is a new indicator being development by the OECD to measure all public efforts to support the broader development agenda.202

• Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as share of GDP. This indicator measures all expenditure on research and development carried out in the national territory.

• [Indicator on debt sustainability] - to be developed: this indicator track the sustainability of a country’s debt.

• [Indicator on technology diffusion] - to be developed: this indicator would measure technology diffusion across countries.

• [Indicator on the creation of / subscription to the Technology Bank and STI (Science, Technology and Innovation) Capacity Building Mechanism for LDCs by 2017] - to be developed: this indicator would track progress towards operationalizing the Technology Bank and STI Capacity Building Mechanism for LDCs

200 For more information see OECD Guidelines on measuring subjective wellbeing (2013), online at http://www.oecd.org/statistics/Guidelines%20on%20Measuring%20Subjective%20Well-being.pdf 201 For more details see SDSN, (2013b), World Happiness Report, http://unsdsn.org/happiness 202 See OECD, (2014), Modernising the DAC’s development finance statistics, Paris: OECD.
Peter Burgess