SDG GOAL 8
GOOD JOBS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All
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DIRECT NAVIGATION TO INDIVIDUAL WEBPAGE FOR EACH GOAL
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SDG GOAL 8 ... GOOD JOBS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All
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Goal 6. GOOD JOBS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ... Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All
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Goals and targets
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Indicators
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8.1
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Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries
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8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita
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8.2
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Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
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8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person
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8.3
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Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-,
small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services
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8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex
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8.4
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Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead
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8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP
8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP
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8.5
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By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
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8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
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8.6
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By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
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8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training
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8.7
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Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
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8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour, by sex and age
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8.8
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Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
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8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status
8.8.2 Increase in national compliance of labour rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status
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8.9
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By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
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8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate
8.9.2 Number of jobs in tourism industries as a proportion of total jobs and growth rate of jobs, by sex
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8.10
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Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all
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8.10.1 Number of commercial bank branches and automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults
8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider
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8.a
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Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries
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8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements
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8.b
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By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization
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8.b.1 Total government spending in social protection and employment programmes as a proportion of the national budgets and GDP
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INDICATORS / WORKING NOTES
Goal 06 ... Proposed Indicators 59 to 63
Potential and Illustrative Core Indicators
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Indicator 59:
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GNI per capita (PPP, current US$ Atlas method)
Rationale and definition: Gross national income measures the total earnings of the residents of an economy
adjusted for the cost of living in each country (purchasing power parity, PPP). These earnings are defined as
the sum of value added by all resident producers, plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the
valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income)
from abroad. The International Comparison Program (ICP) can be used to compute purchasing power parity
(PPP) adjustments. The Atlas method is a World Bank method of computing exchange rates to reduce the
impact of market fluctuations in the cross-country comparison of national incomes.
Disaggregation: Spatially (rural/urban, province/district).
Comments and limitations: As underscored in this report, GNI and GDP are important indicators, but they
measure only part of the economic dimension of sustainable development. Both economic measures do not
adequately capture people’s material conditions.123
We therefore recommend that they be complemented by other “beyond GDP” indicators (See also Table 2 in
the report). For example, The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 Central Framework will
help support a wider set of indicators related to sustainable development and green growth, which aims at
fostering economic growth while ensuring that natural resources continue to provide the resources and
environmental services on which wellbeing relies. The environmental-economic framework makes it possible
to create indicators linking poverty reduction and natural resource management. Interdependencies related
to food security and nutrition should also be considered. These issues are central to pro-poor growth and
social protection policies in developing countries.
Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: A
Potential lead agency or agencies: The UN Statistics Division, the World Bank and the IMF compile GNI data.
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Indicator 60:
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Country implements and reports on System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) accounts
Rationale and definition: The UN Statistical Commission adopted the System of Environmental-Economic
Accounting (SEEA) in 2012 as the first international standard for environmental-economic accounting. The
SEEA brings statistics on the environment and its relationship to the economy into the core of official
statistics and thereby expands the traditional System of National Accounts (SNA), which focuses on
measuring economic performance. Examples of information provided by the SEEA includes the assessment
of trends in the use and availability of natural resources, the extent of emissions and discharges to the
environment resulting from economic activity, and the amount of economic activity undertaken for
environmental purposes.124 The UN Statistical Commission will develop the reporting templates for the SEEA
Central Framework.
123 As noted by the UN Statistics Division, (2014), paragraph 13.8.
124 European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, United Nations, World Bank, (2012), System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, Central Framework, New
York.
Revised working draft (July 25, 2014)
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This indicator measures whether a country applies and reports on a national SEEA. It takes into account the
fact that some elements of the SEEA may not be applicable to a particular country and that the
implementation is incremental starting from selected accounts depending on policy priorities.
Disaggregation: The presence of SEEAs is a national indicator, but SEEAs themselves are highly disaggregated
(by sector of activity, environmental resource, sub-national unit, etc.).
Comments and limitations: A challenge with this indicator derives from the need to establish an institutional
framework for compiling integrated data, and the statistical production process and information
management in the countries’ statistical systems.
Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined.
Potential lead agency or agencies: The UN Statistics Division.
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Indicator 61:
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Youth employment rate, by formal and informal sector
Rationale and definition: The youth employment rate is the percentage of the youth labor force that is
employed. Young people are defined as persons aged between 15 and 24. The labor force comprises all
persons within the above age group currently available for work and actively seeking work, and the sum of
those that are employed and unemployed.
To the extent possible, the youth employment rate should be reported separately for formal and informal
employment. The latter is of particular importance in developing countries. The 17th International
Conference of Labor Statisticians recommends that informal employment should include: (i) own-account
workers (self-employed with no employees) in their own informal sector enterprises, (ii) employers (selfemployed
with employees) in their own informal sector enterprises, (iii) contributing family workers,
irrespective of type of enterprise, (iv) members of informal producers’ cooperatives (not established as legal
entities, (v) employees holding informal jobs as defined according to the employment relationship (in law or
in practice, jobs not subject to national labor legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to
certain employment benefits (paid annual or sick leave, etc.)), and (vi) own-account workers engaged in
production of goods exclusively for final use by their household.125
Disaggregation: We recommend that the indicator be disaggregated by gender to understand the differential
composition of men and women in the formal and informal sectors.
Comments and limitations: A broad-based employment metric for formal and informal youth employment is
preferable to standard unemployment measures that focus only on the formal sector. However, informal
employment is not systematically measured in all countries, though many are beginning the process of
defining and measuring informal employment. As a result data quality and availability may be poor.
Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: To be determined.
Potential lead agency or agencies: ILO tracks data on this indicator.
125 ILO, (2009), ILO school-to-work transition survey: A methodological guide, Geneva: ILO. See:
http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/youth/2013/WCMS_212423/lang--en/index.htm,
Revised working draft (July 25, 2014)
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Indicator 62:
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[Index of decent work] - Indicator to be developed
Rationale and definition: We propose that an indicator be considered to track countries’ compliance with the
decent work agenda adopted by member states of the ILO.126 Decent work, as defined by the ILO, includes
access to full and productive employment with rights at work, social protection and the promotion of social
dialogue, with gender equality as a crosscutting issue. Currently, such a single index does not exist, but it
could be created (potentially as a composite indicator).
The ILO is currently developing statistical indicators covering ten component categories of decent work that
could serve as a basis for such an indicator.127 Similarly, the OECD is developing a conceptual and operational
framework for measuring job quality. This work integrates that of the UNECE Taskforce on quality of
employment, whose members include both the OECD and ILO.
Better labor statistics can also be gleaned from socio-demographic statistics of the System of National
Accounts and System of Environmental Economic Accounting. According to the UN Statistics Division, “these
Systems should be used to generate a consistent set of economic and employment statistics that become
vital with the adoption of labor market policies that are integrated and benchmarked with other policy
objectives for the real, fiscal and monetary sector. With the emerging country practices in the
implementation of SEEA, also the concept of ‘green jobs’ could be clarified.”128
Disaggregation: Opportunities for disaggregation to be reviewed once the indicator has been developed.
Comments and limitations: Adequate indicators for decent work are still being developed. In the interim, an
appropriate proxy may be ‘the proportion of employed people living below an international poverty line’
(MDG Indicator 1.6).
Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: A
Potential lead agency or agencies: ILO.
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Indicator 63:
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Ratification and implementation of fundamental ILO labor standards and compliance in law and practice
Rationale and Definition: The ILO conventions describe key labor standards aimed at promoting
opportunities for decent and productive work, where men and women can work in conditions of equity,
non-discrimination, security, freedom and dignity. The proposed indicator tracks countries’ ratification of
and compliance with the 8 fundamental ILO conventions, which cover the following issues: freedom of
association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; the elimination of all forms of
forced or compulsory labor; the minimum age for labor and the immediate elimination of the worst forms of
child labor; and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation, including equal
remuneration.129
Countries are required to report on ratified conventions every two years. The reporting system is backed up
by a supervisory system that helps to ensure implementation. The ILO regularly reviews the application of
standards in member states and makes recommendations.
Disaggregation: By country and by convention.
126 See ILO, (2012b). 127 See UN Statistics Division, (2014), paragraph 7.6.
128 Ibid, paragraph 7.7.
129 See ILO webpage on Conventions and Recommendations: http://ilo.org/global/standards/introduction-to-international-labourstandards/conventions-and-recommendations/lang--en/index.htm
Revised working draft (July 25, 2014)
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Comments and limitations: The exact method for measurement of this indicator needs to be developed.
Preliminary assessment of current data availability by Friends of the Chair: A
Potential lead agency or agencies: ILO.
Additional indicators that countries may consider:
• Employment to population ratio (MDG Indicator) by sex and age group (15–64): This indicator
complements the various measures of unemployment since it tracks the overall share of the
population that is employed.
• Share of informal employment in total employment: this indicator covers the total number of
people who have an informal employment situation, that is, workers whose employment
relationships are not subject to labor legislation, income taxation, social protection or other
employment benefits in law or in practice.130
• Percentage of young people not in education, employment, or training (NEET). This indicator tracks
the share of youth who are neither in formal employment nor in full-time education or training. It is
a measure of the percentage of youth who are either unemployed, work in the informal sector, or
have other forms of precarious jobs.
• Percentage of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment: This indicator
tracks the share of the working population who are employed as family workers or who work on
their own account. This metric is particularly important in countries with a large informal labor
market.
• Working poverty rate measured at $2 PPP per capita per day: This indicator measures the share of
the working population who earn less than $2 PPP per day.
• Household income, including in-kind services (PPP, current US$ Atlas method): This indicator is
derived from the system of national accounts (SNA).
• Growth rate of GDP per person employed (MDG Indicator), which is a key measure of labor
productivity.
130 See ILO Resource Guide on the Informal Economy, online at:
www.ilo.int/public/english/support/lib/resource/subject/informal.htm
Revised working draft (July 25, 2014)
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